Stigma Against The Black Community Essay - 1593 Words

There is a negative stigma against the Black Community as a whole embedded into the American penal system. Stories about police officers shooting young, unarmed black men flood television screens and social media timelines while young black boys are left to wonder if they are next, left to wonder if they will be the next news headline or trending hashtag. In A Question of Freedom, a young Dwayne Betts faces the injustices of prison as a young, black male who was treated as an adult in the eyes of the law. He is forced to grow up in jail and was stripped of his childhood the minute he committed a crime. Black men are not always given a fair chance but Betts uses his time both behind bars and within the years to follow them in order to educate himself as well as others on the realities of life in prison as a growing boy. One could argue that there is an apparent thugification of the black male. Black men are seen are more aggressive and intimidating than their white counterparts by the masses. This could be used to explain why an unarmed black boy who commits a minor crime can see years behind bars, while a young white boy can commit a similar crime and mass media will say that he simply needs help or was a troubled child as he receives no jail time. This is not to say that the system (the American Criminal Justice System) is inherently racist but, simply to say, that it is flawed and needs to enact some major changes. Betts memoir does a good job of highlightingShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And The Black Community Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagesnot always been taken as serious in the black community. From my research, scholars and medical professionals in the field of mental health spoke on the fact that mental illness is a stigma in the black community and the conversation of this is not happening. There are many factors that contributed to this. Factors such as the distrust of medical professionals, mis-diagnosis, socio-economical factors and so much more contribute to the reason the black community is missed when it comes to mental healthRead MoreHIV and African Americans Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Human Immunodeficiency Virus is commonly known as (HIV), which is a virus that attacks the immune system of humans by destroying the amount of CD4 cells in their bodies. Without CD4 the human body is unable to fight against diseases, which can lead to Acquired Immune deficiency syndr ome known as AIDS for short. The first case of the HIV/AIDS virus in the U.S. occurred in the early 1980’s. The first spark of the virus was found in San Francisco with couple of homosexual Caucasian AmericanRead MoreThe Two Articles I Have Chosen For This Assignment Both1605 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles I have chosen for this assignment both focus on the stigma about mental illness in the black community and how to overcome it. The first article I will talk about does not use the rhetorical appeals in an effective way; whereas, article ii use the rhetorical appeals more successfully in order to persuade the audience to support his viewpoint. Article 1 The first article â€Å"The Truth About Overcoming Mental Illness in the Black Community† was written by Tamiya King. I believe the author wrote theRead MoreBlack Men And Public Space968 Words   |  4 Pagesin the future. Due to the stigma that black men are all thieves, robbers , and criminals, they are more likely to be targeted by the police. If that stigma was magically erased and people stopped viewing Blacks as criminals, the world would be much more peaceful. This can be done merely through education,telling the truth about blacks and less assumptions. This idea derives from Brent Staples’ â€Å"Black Men and Public Space† (Revelations 167) and Meta Carstarphen’s â€Å"Black Versus Blue: Time for a Cease-FireRead MoreAfrican American Communities Have Proven To Be A Powerful1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American communities have proven to be a powerful force when banded together in a common goal to prosper in a world where they have not alway s been accepted. These communities are characterized as being formidable, inspirational, resilient, independent and made to endure the impossible. However, these same communities have experienced extreme difficulties, challenges and hardships, including the critical yet silent battle with mental health. Culturally, African American families tend to underestimateRead MoreCan Prejudice Ever Be Eliminated?1094 Words   |  5 PagesCan prejudice ever be eliminated? Prejudice: Discrimination, stereotype against other groups of people/individuals; mindset Racial, Homophobia, Gender, Religious Ever: Absolute term Eliminated: Removed completely The idea of prejudice has been present for several decades now, and is so deeply rooted in our society today. They can be defined as a set of negative and irrational feelings, beliefs, and actions that are directed towards those of a different race, culture and religion. In theRead MoreHistorical And Contemporary Of Ghetto1582 Words   |  7 Pagesenclosed group is ridiculed for something they have no control over. Effectively, the lack of information contributes to mindsets and behaviors that instill a prejudicial behavior against the affected group. As a means to deconstruct the definition of the word ghetto, four characteristics are attached to its makeup, â€Å"stigma, constraint, spatial confinement, and institutional encasement† (Wacquant). Although the ideology about ghettos are negative and irrefutably misinformed, the seclusion actually hasRead MoreHoward Zinn s Development Of Slavery1574 Words   |  7 PagesFurthermore, slaves were taken away, against their will, from their families, homes and countries. The conditions that they were expected to endure during the journey in the Middle Passage were horrendous. However, beginning around the 1860’s many people, blacks and whites included, worked to undermine and abolish slavery. They did so because slavery was inhumane and a crime against humanity. Efforts to undermine slavery were not limited to only blacks, as both blacks and whites contributed to the movementsRead MoreWhite Male Patriarchy1027 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined by White male patriarchy that sanctions Black males to convey the way in which they have been socialized and institutionalized to think, perform, and behave when self- identifying as male. However, the social order of society is structured by a historical system centered among race-based superiority. This notion impedes the development of a true independent identity. Consequently, a struggle arises for distinctiveness, respect, and power. For Black men there becomes a conflict with who he isRead MoreCrime And Imprisonment : The Higher Chance Of Recidivism1569 Words   |  7 Pagesis different. Younger offenders are more likely to recidivate than older offenders (Benedict, Huff-Corzine, Corzine, 1998; Hepburn Albonetti 1994). Male’s recidivate more than female, (BJS). Both male and female prisoners come from different communities, families, but in the male population alone the criminals are sentenced differently. African Americans (63.9 months) were given longer sentences on average, followed by Caucasian s (58.0 months) and Hispanics (52.8 months) (McGovern, 319). Since

Restorative Justice And The Justice System - 1044 Words

Restorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal with the proper punishment. This process is largely focused on the participation of victim and offender in aims to provide a healing opportunity. That is to say, it is not a victim-centered approach to criminal justice but also criminal-centered,†¦show more content†¦Though William R. Wood writes in Why Restorative Justice Will Not Reduce Incarceration the practice of restorative justice has been proven very successful for minor offenses among adults and youth in bringing together the offenders, victims, and the community. However, acts of violence and serious offenses com mitted by youths have no place in these resolutions. The act of violence still proves to be highly traumatizing for victims. The high chance of re-conviction of a violent offense and these types of offenses are too complicated to be resolved outside of the judicial system. â€Å"In the United States, Lane et al. looked at the South Oxnard Challenge Project (SOCP), a program for youth offenders that included significant services for youth, as well as a RJ [restorative justice] component in the form of apologies and/or meetings with victims†(Wood). The ideal method behind the restorative justice process is that criminal behavior would be able to be reduced by decreasing the expected impact of criminal activity. Restorative justice is centered in the interest of the victim, the public, and the community. The offender is just to be made aware of their moral wrongdoing and have it be known that their actions will no longer be tolerated. Deterrence is not from legal sanctions, but rather from the negative consequences where the criminal behavior is heightened as a wicked act and therefore the offender becomes shamed. RestorativeShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice : The Justice System1993 Words   |  8 Pages Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice System Nathan Tabita Columbia College Abstract Throughout this paper, various articles will be discussed in further detail on the issue of restorative justice within the criminal justice system in the United States. Both benefits and disadvantages of restorative justice will be analyzed, in order to have a greater understanding of the alternative justice program, and to remove any preconceived ideas unsubstantiated by facts. FocusRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System1931 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Restorative justice is a comparative newcomer to the world of criminal justice; however restorative justice has been around, ‘officially’- by means of legislation for 14 years, and unofficially (in innovative practice), for longer. The knowledge and skills associated with restorative justice have slowly but surely migrated to other services, such as education, with startling results (Daniels, 2013). With the criminal justice system being so unfair and bias for years maybe even centuriesRead MoreRestorative Justice And Justice System2338 Words   |  10 Pages Restorative justice has some key restorative values that are vital in the restorative justice conference to make the experience ‘restorative’. Concerning addressing victim needs and concerns means for listening, respecting, being non-judgmental, not blaming the victim and apologizing. The RJ system was bought as an alternative to the criminal justice system to give greater emphasis on victim rights and needs, offender accountability and community involvement. Throughout the essay, there will beRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1905 Words   |  8 Pagestwo forms of justice that the American society has come to know today. One is the traditional justice system and the other is restorative justice. The first half of this paper will provide an overview of how justice is achieved using the traditional due process system of our criminal justice system. Specifically, I will assess each step of due process, pointing out the possible outcomes of how justice is traditionally attained. I will also provide several examples of how the system has successfullyRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System2505 Words   |  11 PagesRESTORATIVE JUSTICE A DEFINITION The Oxford Dictionary defines the word restorative as having the ability to restore (i.e. repair, renovate or reinstate) health, strength or a feeling of well-being. Also, it defines the word justice as the administration of the law or authority in maintaining just behaviour or treatment. Thus, in lay man’s terms restorative justice would mean having the ability to reinstate a feeling of well-being by the administration of the law. Although there is an increasedRead MoreRestorative And Restorative Justice System3870 Words   |  16 PagesRestorative verses Retributive Justice Approaches in Context Background The criminal justice system is a set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. Different jurisdictions have diverse laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In recent years, it has been debated that the criminal justice system has two primary and possibility conflicting perspectives known as the retributive justice approachRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Criminal Justice System987 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept in the criminal justice arena, restorative justice has become a popular tool in the fields of both victimology and criminology (Doble Greene, 2000). According to Doble Greene, (2000) Restorative justice has been defined as: â€Å"A theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behavior. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders.† Unlike the traditional criminal justice system, restorative justice main focus is on repairingRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Criminal Justice System2380 Words   |  10 PagesTo What Extent Should Restorative Justice be incorporated within the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales? (2500 words) This essay will look into the notion of restorative justice and its relationship with the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Furthermore, it will also seek to show the extent of the relationship that the two hold. I believe that although some academics have provided research on the potential benefits regarding young offenders (Katz, 2000), there are still fundamentalRead MoreRestorative Justice Is A System Of Criminal Justice1948 Words   |  8 PagesRestorative justice is a system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. Understanding the definition may be really hard to understand, however when we put it in a different form that many can understand it comes down to repair, encounter and transformation. Our book describes restorative justice in three parts as accountability, community protection and competency development (Sieh, 2006). AccountabilityRead MoreRestorative Justice vs. the Criminal Justice System965 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Restorative justice is a humanistic way of addressing the gap that exists between constructive resolution of crime and the institutional systems devised by societies to address crime and manage criminals. The tack that restorative justice takes is to ameliorate the impact of crime on victims and other individuals, and to establish a responsive model of crime prevention and response to criminal incidents. Conventional criminal justice relies on the threat of punishment in order to

Determining The Availability Of Deductions â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determining The Availability Of Deductions? Answer: Introducation In the case of FCT V Rowe 1997 the issue that was addressed as to whether the legal expenses that have been incurred in defending the taxpayer in case of disciplinary action is deductible. In determining the availability of deductions, the Federal court referred to the case of Inglis V FCT.In that case; it was provided that the cost of proceeding brought against the public servant by the employer is allowed as deduction (Gitman et al.. 2015). In the current case, the facts are that Mr. Rowe is employed as engineer with the Livingstone Shire Council. He was suspended from the duty and was asked by the council to provide reasons why he should not be dismissed as several complaints were filed against him. In this situation, it can be said that Mr. Rowe has clear and Management threat that he would lose his employment. FCT v Stone (2005) In the case of FCT V Stone 2005, the issue is related to a sportswoman who is successful. The case is related to determination of various amounts received by her should and whether the amount received should be treated as the income received from the course of business activity. It can be seen that although there are certain differences but parallel can be drawn with the person carrying on the business and the sportsperson or artists (Braithwaite, 2017). However, it is important to make a distinction between the people engaged in the artistic or spots activity for pleasure and people engaged in professional activity. The professional persons should be able to make the distinction with the enthusiastic amateurs. The taxpayer enjoying the activity does not preclude the taxpayer from carrying on the business. The distinction is made based on the commercial end of the artist and sportsperson. In this case, it was accepted that the main motivation of the taxpayer was the pursuit of excell ence and the honor for the country (Forsyth et al., 2014). In the case of FCT V Stone 2005, it was decided by the court that the prize money and government grant received should be included as an ordinary income of the taxpayer. In this case, making profit was not the primary motive of the taxpayer but she was aware that success in sports would bring financial reward (Blakelock King 2017). The action of accepting endorsement means that she has turned her talent in sports into an activity for earning money. In this case, the receipt received from sports activity by Joanna Stone should be taxable as the intention was to make profit from the sporting activity. In the case of FCT V Rowe 1997 the ex gratia reimbursement is not included in the ordinary income (Cheshire et al., 2014). In order to determine or to calculate the tax liability it is very much essential to determine the residential status of the individual first. An individual is who liable to pay tax in a country of which he/ she is not a resident. In taxation, the word resident means place of abode of a person in the country for assessing income tax (Richardson et al., 2013). A person who is not a citizen of a country can be held a resident of that country subject to fulfilment of certain provisions. According to subsection 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, an Australian resident refers to such individuals those who are Migrants, Student who is studying in Australia, Teacher who is teaching academics, working professionals may include pre-arranged contract of employment or may be visitor who came to visit Australia on holidays. In this report it is asked to determine whether Basil will be considered as a resident of Australia for the purpose of taxation or not. Financial process of determination of residential status can be completed in four simple step/ methods. The methods are described below: Primary or Ordinary Test; Domicile Test; Superannuation Test; 183 days Test. In is important to consider each one of the above tests one by one. Primary Test or Ordinary Test If an individual resides in Australia since birth and is not a resident of any abroad country then the individual will be considered as an Australian resident and he/ she will not need to perform any further residency tests. In this case, it is clearly stated that Basils permanent place of abode is in England and he came to Australia for the purpose of employment. Thus, Basil does not satisfy the condition states under ordinary test. Therefore, in order to prove his residential status Basil needs to appear for the other remaining tests. Domicile Test The word Domicile refers to that place where an individual have his/ her permanent place of stay or abode. As per Australian Taxation Office (ATO) an individual can be regarded as an Australian domicile only if his/ her permanent place of abode is in Australia. However if it is spotted by the Commissioner of Taxation in Australia that the individual stays at any foreign country despite of being a resident of Australia then the individual will not be considered as a Australian resident (Kucukvar et al., 2014). It is evident from the fact that Basil came to Australia in August 28, 2015 for employment purpose and prior to this he was staying in England of where he is also a resident. Thus according to the law, Basil cannot be regarded as an Australian resident as far as Domicile test is concerned. Superannuation Test According to ATO, superannuation test confirms that the working employees of the government of Australia who are posted abroad are considered as the resident of Australia. This test is clearly not applicable in case of Basil as he not an employees of Government of Australia and thus he does not qualify the superannuation test. As per guidelines mentioned in the ATO, if any individual remains in Australia for a period of more than or equal to 183 days or half an income year with breaks or without any break then that person will be considered as a resident of Australia since the time of his/ her arrival. It is found in the case that Basil came to Australia for employment purpose on 28th August 2015 to stay for about 3 years. Thus, it is evident that Basil satisfied the conditions required by 183 days test and hence he can be regarded as an Australian resident for taxation purpose since his arrival in Australia. The section 4-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that an individual, company or other entity is required to pay tax on their taxable income. The section 4-15 of the Income Tax Assessment 1997 clearly provides that taxable income should be calculated by deduction allowable deductions from the assessable income. The assessable income can be classified into ordinary income and statutory income. The section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that income according to the ordinary concept is known as ordinary income and it should be included in the assessable income. The income that is not an ordinary income should be included as a statutory income as per section 6-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. The income that should be included in the assessable income is dependent on the residential status of the taxpayer. It is provided that under 6-5 and 6-10 of the Income tax Assessment Act 1997 income received by the resident taxpayer from all the sources sho uld be included in the assessable income. On the other hand, if the taxpayer is not resident then income from Australian sources are only taxable. In this case, as discussed earlier Basil should be treated as resident for the purpose of tax. Therefore income received by Basil should be treated accordingly and it is discussed below: The salary income received should be included in the assessable income. The basic salary of $12000 per month should be included in the included in assessable under section 6-5 of the ITAA 97. The section 15-2 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 states that allowances and benefits provided by the employer to the employee should be included in the assessable income. The rent subsidy received from employer is a fringe benefit and should be included in the assessable income (Lignier et al., 2014). The motor vehicle is provided for the personal benefit so it is a benefit provided by the taxpayer and should be included in the assessable income. This should be included in the assessable income as per section 5-2 of the ITAA 97. The phone account paid by the employer is a benefit and should be included in the assessable income. The holiday trip was received as performance award and should be included as the assessable income. Basil is regarded as a resident of Australia for the tax purpose hence income from any source should be included as the assessable income. The income received from rent of house in England should be included as an assessable income. The dividend income should be included in the assessable income. The gain made on England and Australian shares should be included in the assessable income. The income received from selling antique chair should be included in the assessable income Reference Blakelock, S., King, P. (2017). business law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), 18. Braithwaite, V. (Ed.). (2017).Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Cheshire, L., Everingham, J. A., Lawrence, G. (2014). Governing the impacts of mining and the impacts of mining governance: Challenges for rural and regional local governments in Australia.Journal of Rural Studies,36, 330-339. Forsyth, P., Dwyer, L., Spurr, R., Pham, T. (2014). The impacts of Australia's departure tax: Tourism versus the economy?.Tourism Management,40, 126-136. Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J. (2015).Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kucukvar, M., Egilmez, G., Tatari, O. (2014). Sustainability assessment of US final consumption and investments: triple-bottom-line inputoutput analysis.Journal of cleaner production,81, 234-243. Lignier, P., Evans, C., Tran-Nam, B. (2014). Tangled up in tape: The continuing tax compliance plight of the small and medium enterprise business sector. Richardson, G., Taylor, G., Lanis, R. (2013). The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), 68-88.

kenny Essays - Baseball Pitching, Batting, Baseball Rules, Baseball

Baseball Story Baseball has been providing us with fun and excitement for more than a hundred and fifty years. The first game resembling baseball as we know it today was played in Hoboken ,New Jersey, on June 19, 1846. The New York Nine beat the New York Knickerbokers that day, 23-1. The game was played according to rules drawn up by Alexander J. Cartwright. A surveyer and amateur athlete. It is a myth that Abner Doubleday1 invented baseball. It was Alexander Cartwright, not Abner Doubleday, who first laid out the present dimensions of the playing field and established the basic rules of the game. The first Professional baseball team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who toured the country in 1869 and didn't lose a game all year. Baseball began to attract so many fans that in 1876 the National league was organized-the same National league that still exists today. Although the game was played in 1876 it was recognizable as baseball-nobody would confuse it with football or basketball-it was quite a bit different from baseball as we know it now. For example, pitchers had to throw underhand, the way they still do in softball;the batter could request the pitcher to throw a "high" or "low" pitch; it took nine balls, rather than four, for a batter to get a base on balls; and the pitching distance was olny 45 feet to home plate. The rules were gradually changed over the following 20 years, until by about 1900 the game was more or less the same as it is today.